Our embodied-carbon benchmarks are based primarily on verified EPDs sourced through platforms such as One Click LCA and supported by ASBP guidance. We use GWP-total for cradle-to-gate (A1–A3) in line with EN 15804+A2, ensuring that biogenic carbon uptake and storage in natural materials are properly accounted for. This approach aligns with the LCA-based requirements in LEED v4/v4.1, which prioritise transparent reporting of climate impacts. Where suitable EPDs are not available within a category, we apply secondary analogue benchmarks from comparable biobased materials with similar manufacturing characteristics. These remain consistent with the A1–A3 GWP-total method to preserve like-for-like comparability. The ICE Database is used only as contextual reference, as it does not fully reflect biogenic carbon flows or current EN 15804+A2 standards for natural materials.